During the operation of chemical current sources (CCS), the question about the possibility of assessing its technical condition arises quite often.\u00a0For primary power sources, this is an assessment of their safety and ability to provide the required level of operating voltage.\u00a0For rechargeable batteries, two questions make sense: an assessment of the state of charge at any time and a forecast of further performance.\u00a0At the same time, monitoring the state of health of the current source must be non-destructive: without loss of energy or at least with a very small loss.
\nWhen considering these questions, we face three problems:
\n\u2014 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f,
\n\u2014 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u00a0 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435,
\n\u2014 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n
The same electrical characteristics for sealed current sources both for cells and for power packs are used for making measurements, such as open-circuit voltage and voltage under load, resistance, response to a specific signal that allows to detect influence of the components of the total resistance.
\nDiagnostics of current sources of different electrochemical systems achieves various successes.
\nOpen Circuit Voltage (OCV)\u00a0as a diagnostic parameter was used firstly to assess the safety of primary current sources.\u00a0However, the parameter measured under stable temperature conditions changes very little, and these changes are commensurate with the spread of OCV of newly made cells.
\nIt is also not possible to assess the state of charge of alkaline batteries (with an unknown operational history) using the OCV method at any time, since the OCV value depends on many factors, which cannot be ranked according to the degree of influence.
\nHowever, you can evaluate the battery self-discharge level in a sufficiently long period after its charge and recharge it to full SoC ready to work.\u00a0This requires information about the characteristics of batteries made by different manufactures which is collected during their operation.
\n\u0422\u0430\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u041d\u0420\u0426 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 SAFT \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u043a\u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u0410\u041e \u00bb \u041d\u0418\u0410\u0418\u00bb \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0420\u0426 = 1,25 \u0412 \u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 60-65% \u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u2014 \u0432 2 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u00a0 [1].
\nIt should also be noted that with battery life to estimate its residual capacity becomes less accurate.
\nThe residual capacity of sealed lead-acid batteries can be determined more precisely, since during the discharge process the electrolyte concentration and its electrical conductivity change linearly and quite significantly.\u00a0At temperature 25\u00b0C, the OCV decreases by 10% during the discharge process until the capacity is exhausted.
\nVoltage under load seems to be a more promising parameter for assessing the battery SoH, but there is a specific difference in the diagnostic capabilities of primary and rechargeable current sources.
\nThe electrodes of elements of many electrochemical systems undergo serious changes during storage.\u00a0These changes are especially noticeable in lithium cells, the metal anode of which is passivated the more strongly, the longer the storage time and the higher the temperature.
\nAfter applying a test pulse to the battery, we observe a voltage drop. The battery is restored after a certain period, sometimes significant.\u00a0Further storage again leads to passivation of electrode.
\nAnd when designing batteries, ensuring the stability of its voltage over a significant part of the discharge curve was one of the main tasks.\u00a0Therefore, in modern batteries with thin electrodes, the zone at which the operating voltage varies little is usually 80-85% of the discharge curve in its middle part.\u00a0And diagnostics of the state of charge in this area is impossible.
\nThe response to a test signal that is short-lived but powerful enough to reveal the characteristics of the current source can provide great opportunities for evaluating its state.\u00a0For testing, a pulse of direct or sinusoidal alternating current is used, as well as a more complex shape.
\nThe voltage of a chemical current source when a current discharge pulse is applied can generally be written as the equation<\/p>\n
U = \u041d\u0420\u0426 \u2014 IR = \u041d\u0420\u0426 \u2014 I (R\u03a9 + R\u043f\u043e\u043b ),<\/p>\n
\u0433\u0434\u0435\u00a0 I \u2014 \u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430, R \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0425\u0418\u0422, R\u03a9 \u2014 \u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430, R\u043f\u043e\u043b\u00a0 \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439.
\nWhen recording the HIT response to a DC pulse, the voltage change can be divided by these two components of its total resistance.\u00a0On RW there is an instantaneous change in voltage, Rpol provides a gradual change in the HIT voltage to its new stationary state.
\nThe hardware implementation of such measurements is quite simple, the problem is only in the method and speed of recording the response, as well as in setting the duration of the recording period, which depends on both the current value and the state of charge of the HIT.
\nRecording the response to a variable sinusoidal signal.
\ngives a more complete picture of the polarization resistance.\u00a0This allows us to test complex models of the equivalent HIT circuit, which reflect a more accurate representation of the electrochemical reactions occurring in the current source.
\nMeasurements of the required accuracy are provided by sequential testing at different frequencies in a wide range.\u00a0This circumstance and the use of a very small test signal leads to a very complex hardware implementation of such measurements and makes this method of research and testing exclusively laboratory.
\nA complex test signal can lead to simplification of the test equipment and give good results for diagnosing the HIT state, if such a signal is the result of the addition of several signals that specifically change with changes in the HIT.\u00a0However, its shape can only be determined as a result of targeted impedance studies in a wide frequency range.
\nWhen choosing a testing method, one usually faces not only a lack of sensible recommendations on the use of parameters for testing the HIT of the electrochemical system under consideration, but also the lack of a statistical picture describing the change in these parameters for a particular type of HIT.
\nSome general information on the systems studied can be presented in the following form:
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 R\u03a9 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0425\u0418\u0422 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f R\u03a9 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0425\u0418\u0422;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 R\u03a9\u00a0 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00a0 \u0425\u0418\u0422 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439; \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u00a0 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 R\u03a9\u00a0 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0425\u0418\u0422 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c R\u03a9\u00a0 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 0,01 \u2014 1 \u0413\u0446\u00a0 [1] \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439\u00a0 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435 1000, 1 \u0438 0,01 \u0413\u0446);
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00a0\u00a0 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 [2];
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 1\u0413\u0446 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 [3];
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0 [3];
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0439-\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0425\u0418\u0422.
\nFrom what has been said above, it is obvious that in order to assess the possibility of diagnosing the state of various primary current sources, it is necessary to measure the NRC, the voltage under load (when current is applied) and the resistance to direct current and alternating current at frequencies from 1 kHz to 0.1 Hz.\u00a0Equipment that can be used to diagnose the state of batteries should also provide the ability to conduct several charge-discharge cycles.\u00a0With a typically guaranteed operating time of 500-1000 cycles, such tests can be considered non-destructive, but an analysis of the difference in charge-discharge characteristics on these cycles will allow the researcher to better describe the state of the battery.
\nTo conduct comprehensive tests of various current sources, the equipment must provide the ability to:
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432);
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432;
\n\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n
For comprehensive testing of batteries and batteries based on them, as well as for testing non-rechargeable chemical current sources, we recommend using battery analyzers of the BA400 series (Canada, LaMantia company).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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